{
  "dataset": "hyperaccumulate.com species database",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "generated": "2026-07-22",
  "thresholds_ugg": {
    "Ni": 1000,
    "Zn": 3000,
    "Cd": 100,
    "Co": 300,
    "Mn": 10000,
    "REE": 1000,
    "Cu": 300,
    "As": 1000,
    "Se": 100,
    "Tl": 100,
    "Pb": 1000
  },
  "count": 48,
  "species": [
    {
      "id": "anisopappus-davyi",
      "binomial": "Anisopappus davyi",
      "genus": "Anisopappus",
      "species": "davyi",
      "authorship": "S.Moore",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Asteraceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "DR Congo",
        "Zambia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Co",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 1500,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 5,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        },
        {
          "element": "Cu",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 1200,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 4,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Cu–Co mineralised soils",
      "habitat": "Copperbelt metalliferous grassland",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1985,
      "firstReportedBy": "Brooks et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "arabidopsis-halleri",
      "binomial": "Arabidopsis halleri",
      "genus": "Arabidopsis",
      "species": "halleri",
      "authorship": "(L.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Cardaminopsis halleri"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Central Europe",
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Zn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 22000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 7.3,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        },
        {
          "element": "Cd",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 800,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 8,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Calamine (Zn/Pb/Cd)",
      "habitat": "Metalliferous and normal soils",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2000,
      "firstReportedBy": "Küpper et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "verbruggen-2009",
        "kramer-2010"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "astragalus-bisulcatus",
      "binomial": "Astragalus bisulcatus",
      "genus": "Astragalus",
      "species": "bisulcatus",
      "authorship": "(Hook.) A.Gray",
      "commonName": "two-grooved milkvetch",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Fabaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "North America (western)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Se",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 14900,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 149,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Seleniferous shale soils",
      "habitat": "Arid rangeland over selenium-rich rock",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1936,
      "firstReportedBy": "Beath et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "white-2016-selenium",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "astragalus-racemosus",
      "binomial": "Astragalus racemosus",
      "genus": "Astragalus",
      "species": "racemosus",
      "authorship": "Pursh",
      "commonName": "creamy poison-vetch",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Fabaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "North America (Great Plains)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Se",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 14000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 140,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Seleniferous soils",
      "habitat": "Prairie over selenium-rich shale",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1936,
      "firstReportedBy": "Beath et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "white-2016-selenium",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "berkheya-coddii",
      "binomial": "Berkheya coddii",
      "genus": "Berkheya",
      "species": "coddii",
      "authorship": "Roessler",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Asteraceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "South Africa (Mpumalanga)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 11600,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 11.6,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine grassland",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1997,
      "firstReportedBy": "Morrey et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "chaney-2007"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "biscutella-laevigata",
      "binomial": "Biscutella laevigata",
      "genus": "Biscutella",
      "species": "laevigata",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "commonName": "buckler mustard",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Europe (Alps and mineralised districts)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Tl",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 15200,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 152,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Thallium/zinc mineralised soils",
      "habitat": "Calamine and mine soils",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1999,
      "firstReportedBy": "Leblanc et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "leptoplax-emarginata",
      "binomial": "Bornmuellera emarginata",
      "genus": "Bornmuellera",
      "species": "emarginata",
      "authorship": "(Boiss.) Rešetnik",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Leptoplax emarginata"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Greece"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 34000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 34,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine screes and grassland",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1980,
      "firstReportedBy": "Reeves et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "bornmuellera-tymphaea",
      "binomial": "Bornmuellera tymphaea",
      "genus": "Bornmuellera",
      "species": "tymphaea",
      "authorship": "(Hausskn.) Hausskn.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Greece"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 31200,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 31.2,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine screes",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1979,
      "firstReportedBy": "Reeves et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "chengiopanax-sciadophylloides",
      "binomial": "Chengiopanax sciadophylloides",
      "genus": "Chengiopanax",
      "species": "sciadophylloides",
      "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Shang & J.Y.Huang",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Acanthopanax sciadophylloides"
      ],
      "family": "Araliaceae",
      "growthForm": "Tree",
      "regions": [
        "Japan"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Mn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 20000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 2,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Non-metalliferous",
      "habitat": "Temperate forest",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2005,
      "firstReportedBy": "Mizuno et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "crotalaria-cobalticola",
      "binomial": "Crotalaria cobalticola",
      "genus": "Crotalaria",
      "species": "cobalticola",
      "authorship": "P.A.Duvign. & Timperman",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Fabaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "DR Congo (Katanga)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Co",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 3000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 10,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Cu–Co mineralised soils",
      "habitat": "Copperbelt metalliferous grassland",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1979,
      "firstReportedBy": "Brooks et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "dichapetalum-gelonioides",
      "binomial": "Dichapetalum gelonioides",
      "genus": "Dichapetalum",
      "species": "gelonioides",
      "authorship": "(Roxb.) Engl.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Dichapetalaceae",
      "growthForm": "Shrub",
      "regions": [
        "Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Zn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 30000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 10,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic and metalliferous",
      "habitat": "Tropical forest on metal-rich soils",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1977,
      "firstReportedBy": "Baker et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "dicranopteris-linearis",
      "binomial": "Dicranopteris linearis",
      "genus": "Dicranopteris",
      "species": "linearis",
      "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Underw.",
      "commonName": "old world forked fern",
      "synonyms": [
        "Dicranopteris dichotoma"
      ],
      "family": "Gleicheniaceae",
      "growthForm": "Fern",
      "regions": [
        "South China",
        "Southeast Asia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "REE",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 3358,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 3.4,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ion-adsorption REE clays and acidic soils",
      "habitat": "Disturbed slopes and mine tailings",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2018,
      "firstReportedBy": "Liu et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "geissois-pruinosa",
      "binomial": "Geissois pruinosa",
      "genus": "Geissois",
      "species": "pruinosa",
      "authorship": "Brongn. & Gris",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Cunoniaceae",
      "growthForm": "Tree",
      "regions": [
        "New Caledonia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 15000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 15,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Ultramafic maquis and forest",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1977,
      "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "gossia-bidwillii",
      "binomial": "Gossia bidwillii",
      "genus": "Gossia",
      "species": "bidwillii",
      "authorship": "(Benth.) N.Snow & Guymer",
      "commonName": "python tree",
      "synonyms": [
        "Austromyrtus bidwillii"
      ],
      "family": "Myrtaceae",
      "growthForm": "Tree",
      "regions": [
        "Australia (Queensland)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Mn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 19200,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 1.9,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Various (not necessarily metalliferous)",
      "habitat": "Rainforest and vine scrub",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2009,
      "firstReportedBy": "Fernando et al.",
      "verification": "primary-measured",
      "references": [
        "fernando-2009-mn",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "grevillea-exul",
      "binomial": "Grevillea exul",
      "genus": "Grevillea",
      "species": "exul",
      "authorship": "Lindl.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Proteaceae",
      "growthForm": "Shrub",
      "regions": [
        "New Caledonia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Mn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 12000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 1.2,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Ultramafic maquis",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1997,
      "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "haumaniastrum-katangense",
      "binomial": "Haumaniastrum katangense",
      "genus": "Haumaniastrum",
      "species": "katangense",
      "authorship": "(S.Moore) P.A.Duvign. & Plancke",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Lamiaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "DR Congo",
        "Zambia (Copperbelt)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Cu",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 8360,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 27.9,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        },
        {
          "element": "Co",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 2200,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 7.3,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Cu–Co mineralised soils",
      "habitat": "Copperbelt metalliferous grassland",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1977,
      "firstReportedBy": "Brooks et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "haumaniastrum-robertii",
      "binomial": "Haumaniastrum robertii",
      "genus": "Haumaniastrum",
      "species": "robertii",
      "authorship": "(Robyns) P.A.Duvign.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Lamiaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "DR Congo",
        "Zambia (Copperbelt)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Co",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 10200,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 34,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        },
        {
          "element": "Cu",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 2800,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 9.3,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Cu–Co mineralised soils",
      "habitat": "Copperbelt metalliferous grassland",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1977,
      "firstReportedBy": "Brooks et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "hybanthus-floribundus",
      "binomial": "Hybanthus floribundus",
      "genus": "Hybanthus",
      "species": "floribundus",
      "authorship": "(Lindl.) F.Muell.",
      "commonName": "shrub violet",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Violaceae",
      "growthForm": "Shrub",
      "regions": [
        "Australia (Western Australia)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 13500,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 13.5,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Nickel-rich lateritic and ultramafic soils",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1974,
      "firstReportedBy": "Severne & Brooks",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "iberis-intermedia",
      "binomial": "Iberis intermedia",
      "genus": "Iberis",
      "species": "intermedia",
      "authorship": "Guers.",
      "commonName": "candytuft",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Southern France"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Tl",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 4000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 40,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Thallium/zinc mineralised soils",
      "habitat": "Mineralised outcrops",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1999,
      "firstReportedBy": "Leblanc et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "leucocroton-flavicans",
      "binomial": "Leucocroton flavicans",
      "genus": "Leucocroton",
      "species": "flavicans",
      "authorship": "Müll.Arg.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Euphorbiaceae",
      "growthForm": "Shrub",
      "regions": [
        "Cuba"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 26000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 26,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Cuban serpentine (charrascal)",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1996,
      "firstReportedBy": "Reeves et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-1996-streptanthus",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "noccaea-caerulescens-ni",
      "binomial": "Noccaea caerulescens",
      "genus": "Noccaea",
      "species": "caerulescens",
      "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) F.K.Mey.",
      "commonName": "alpine pennycress",
      "synonyms": [
        "Thlaspi caerulescens"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Western & Central Europe"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 12000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 12,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Metalliferous (serpentine and calamine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine and mine soils",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1988,
      "firstReportedBy": "Baker & Brooks",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "kramer-2010"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "noccaea-caerulescens-zn",
      "binomial": "Noccaea caerulescens",
      "genus": "Noccaea",
      "species": "caerulescens",
      "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) F.K.Mey.",
      "commonName": "alpine pennycress",
      "synonyms": [
        "Thlaspi caerulescens"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Western & Central Europe"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Zn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 40000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 13.3,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        },
        {
          "element": "Cd",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 10000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 100,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Calamine (Zn/Pb/Cd)",
      "habitat": "Metalliferous grassland and mine spoil",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1988,
      "firstReportedBy": "Baker & Brooks",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "verbruggen-2009",
        "kramer-2010",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "noccaea-goesingensis",
      "binomial": "Noccaea goesingensis",
      "genus": "Noccaea",
      "species": "goesingensis",
      "authorship": "(Halácsy) F.K.Mey.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Thlaspi goesingense"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Austria",
        "Central Europe"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 12000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 12,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine grassland",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1977,
      "firstReportedBy": "Reeves & Brooks",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "kramer-2010"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "noccaea-praecox",
      "binomial": "Noccaea praecox",
      "genus": "Noccaea",
      "species": "praecox",
      "authorship": "(Wulfen) F.K.Mey.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Thlaspi praecox"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Southeastern Europe"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Zn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 20000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 6.7,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        },
        {
          "element": "Cd",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 5800,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 58,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Calamine (Zn/Pb/Cd)",
      "habitat": "Mine and smelter soils",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2006,
      "firstReportedBy": "Vogel-Mikuš et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "verbruggen-2009",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "noccaea-rotundifolia-pb",
      "binomial": "Noccaea rotundifolia",
      "genus": "Noccaea",
      "species": "rotundifolia",
      "authorship": "(L.) Moench",
      "commonName": "round-leaved pennycress",
      "synonyms": [
        "Thlaspi rotundifolium"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "European Alps"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Pb",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 8200,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 8.2,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        },
        {
          "element": "Zn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 8000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 2.7,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Lead/zinc mineralised alpine soils",
      "habitat": "Mineralised alpine screes",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1977,
      "firstReportedBy": "Reeves & Brooks",
      "verification": "hypothesized",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "odontarrhena-chalcidica",
      "binomial": "Odontarrhena chalcidica",
      "genus": "Odontarrhena",
      "species": "chalcidica",
      "authorship": "(Janka) Španiel et al.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Alyssum murale",
        "Alyssum chalcidicum"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Balkans",
        "Anatolia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 22000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 22,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine grassland and scrub",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1948,
      "firstReportedBy": "Doksopulo (as Alyssum)",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "chaney-2007",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "alyssum-lesbiacum",
      "binomial": "Odontarrhena lesbiaca",
      "genus": "Odontarrhena",
      "species": "lesbiaca",
      "authorship": "(Candargy) Rešetnik",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Alyssum lesbiacum"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Greece (Lesbos)",
        "Anatolia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 20000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 20,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine slopes",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1994,
      "firstReportedBy": "Krämer et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "kramer-2010",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "odontarrhena-serpyllifolia",
      "binomial": "Odontarrhena serpyllifolia",
      "genus": "Odontarrhena",
      "species": "serpyllifolia",
      "authorship": "(Desf.) Jord. & Fourr.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Alyssum serpyllifolium"
      ],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Iberian Peninsula",
        "France"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 15000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 15,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine outcrops",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1977,
      "firstReportedBy": "Brooks & Radford",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "phyllanthus-balgooyi",
      "binomial": "Phyllanthus balgooyi",
      "genus": "Phyllanthus",
      "species": "balgooyi",
      "authorship": "Petra Hoffm. & A.J.M.Baker",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Phyllanthaceae",
      "growthForm": "Shrub",
      "regions": [
        "Borneo (Sabah)",
        "Philippines (Palawan)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 16000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 16,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Ultramafic forest",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2007,
      "firstReportedBy": "Hoffmann, Baker & van der Ent",
      "verification": "primary-measured",
      "references": [
        "van-der-ent-2017-biopath",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "phyllanthus-rufuschaneyi",
      "binomial": "Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi",
      "genus": "Phyllanthus",
      "species": "rufuschaneyi",
      "authorship": "Whitmore & van der Ent",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Phyllanthaceae",
      "growthForm": "Shrub",
      "regions": [
        "Borneo (Sabah)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 13000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 13,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Ultramafic forest edge",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2018,
      "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "phytolacca-acinosa-mn",
      "binomial": "Phytolacca acinosa",
      "genus": "Phytolacca",
      "species": "acinosa",
      "authorship": "Roxb.",
      "commonName": "Indian pokeweed",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Phytolaccaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "East Asia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Mn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 19300,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 1.9,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Manganese-rich and mine soils",
      "habitat": "Disturbed ground and mine areas",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2004,
      "firstReportedBy": "Xue et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "phytolacca-americana-cd",
      "binomial": "Phytolacca americana",
      "genus": "Phytolacca",
      "species": "americana",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "commonName": "American pokeweed",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Phytolaccaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "North America",
        "naturalised in East Asia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Cd",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 130,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 1.3,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        },
        {
          "element": "Mn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 13400,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 1.3,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Contaminated and manganese-rich soils",
      "habitat": "Disturbed ground",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2008,
      "firstReportedBy": "Peng et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "phytolacca-americana-ree",
      "binomial": "Phytolacca americana",
      "genus": "Phytolacca",
      "species": "americana",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "commonName": "American pokeweed",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Phytolaccaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "North America",
        "naturalised in China"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "REE",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 1040,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 1,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "REE-rich mine soils",
      "habitat": "Disturbed ground near REE workings",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2019,
      "firstReportedBy": "Yuan et al.",
      "verification": "hypothesized",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pityrogramma-calomelanos",
      "binomial": "Pityrogramma calomelanos",
      "genus": "Pityrogramma",
      "species": "calomelanos",
      "authorship": "(L.) Link",
      "commonName": "silverback fern",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Pteridaceae",
      "growthForm": "Fern",
      "regions": [
        "Tropical America",
        "pantropical (naturalised)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "As",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 8350,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 8.3,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Arsenic-contaminated mine soils",
      "habitat": "Mine tailings and disturbed ground",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2002,
      "firstReportedBy": "Francesconi et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pronephrium-simplex",
      "binomial": "Pronephrium simplex",
      "genus": "Pronephrium",
      "species": "simplex",
      "authorship": "(Hook.) Holttum",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Thelypteridaceae",
      "growthForm": "Fern",
      "regions": [
        "South China"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "REE",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 1500,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 1.5,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ion-adsorption REE clays",
      "habitat": "Slopes over REE deposits",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2018,
      "firstReportedBy": "Liu et al.",
      "verification": "hypothesized",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "psychotria-douarrei",
      "binomial": "Psychotria douarrei",
      "genus": "Psychotria",
      "species": "douarrei",
      "authorship": "(Beauvis.) Däniker",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Psychotria gabriellae"
      ],
      "family": "Rubiaceae",
      "growthForm": "Shrub",
      "regions": [
        "New Caledonia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 47500,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 47.5,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Ultramafic maquis and rainforest",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1978,
      "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré & Schmid",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pteris-vittata",
      "binomial": "Pteris vittata",
      "genus": "Pteris",
      "species": "vittata",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "commonName": "Chinese brake fern",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Pteridaceae",
      "growthForm": "Fern",
      "regions": [
        "Pantropical and subtropical"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "As",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 22630,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 22.6,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Arsenic-contaminated and calcareous soils",
      "habitat": "Walls, disturbed and contaminated ground",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2001,
      "firstReportedBy": "Ma et al.",
      "verification": "primary-measured",
      "references": [
        "ma-2001",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pycnandra-acuminata",
      "binomial": "Pycnandra acuminata",
      "genus": "Pycnandra",
      "species": "acuminata",
      "authorship": "(Baill.) Swenson & Munzinger",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Sebertia acuminata"
      ],
      "family": "Sapotaceae",
      "growthForm": "Tree",
      "regions": [
        "New Caledonia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 11700,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 11.7,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Ultramafic rainforest",
      "iucn": "EN",
      "firstReportedYear": 1976,
      "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré et al.",
      "verification": "primary-measured",
      "references": [
        "jaffre-1976",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "rinorea-bengalensis",
      "binomial": "Rinorea bengalensis",
      "genus": "Rinorea",
      "species": "bengalensis",
      "authorship": "(Wall.) Kuntze",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Violaceae",
      "growthForm": "Tree",
      "regions": [
        "Southeast Asia",
        "Melanesia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 17500,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 17.5,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Lowland tropical forest on ultramafic soil",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1977,
      "firstReportedBy": "Brooks & Wither",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "rinorea-niccolifera",
      "binomial": "Rinorea niccolifera",
      "genus": "Rinorea",
      "species": "niccolifera",
      "authorship": "Fernando",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Violaceae",
      "growthForm": "Tree",
      "regions": [
        "Philippines (Luzon)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 18000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 18,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Ultramafic forest",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2014,
      "firstReportedBy": "Fernando et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sedum-alfredii",
      "binomial": "Sedum alfredii",
      "genus": "Sedum",
      "species": "alfredii",
      "authorship": "Hance",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Crassulaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "China (southeastern)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Cd",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 900,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 9,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        },
        {
          "element": "Zn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 19600,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 6.5,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Contaminated (Zn/Pb mining areas)",
      "habitat": "Old mine sites",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2002,
      "firstReportedBy": "Yang et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sedum-plumbizincicola",
      "binomial": "Sedum plumbizincicola",
      "genus": "Sedum",
      "species": "plumbizincicola",
      "authorship": "X.H.Guo & S.B.Zhou",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Crassulaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "China (eastern)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Zn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 19000,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 6.3,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        },
        {
          "element": "Cd",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 3600,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 36,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Contaminated (Zn/Pb/Cd mining areas)",
      "habitat": "Mine-affected soils",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2013,
      "firstReportedBy": "Wu et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "senecio-coronatus",
      "binomial": "Senecio coronatus",
      "genus": "Senecio",
      "species": "coronatus",
      "authorship": "(Thunb.) Harv.",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Asteraceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "South Africa"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 5700,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 5.7,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine and non-serpentine grassland",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2010,
      "firstReportedBy": "Boyd et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "pollard-2014"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "solanum-nigrum-cd",
      "binomial": "Solanum nigrum",
      "genus": "Solanum",
      "species": "nigrum",
      "authorship": "L.",
      "commonName": "black nightshade",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Solanaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Cosmopolitan (temperate & tropical)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Cd",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 160,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 1.6,
          "uptake": "Facultative"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Contaminated agricultural soil",
      "habitat": "Disturbed and cultivated ground",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2005,
      "firstReportedBy": "Wei et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "pollard-2014"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "stackhousia-tryonii",
      "binomial": "Stackhousia tryonii",
      "genus": "Stackhousia",
      "species": "tryonii",
      "authorship": "Bailey",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Celastraceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "Australia (Queensland)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 41300,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 41.3,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Serpentine soils",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1997,
      "firstReportedBy": "Batianoff et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "stanleya-pinnata",
      "binomial": "Stanleya pinnata",
      "genus": "Stanleya",
      "species": "pinnata",
      "authorship": "(Pursh) Britton",
      "commonName": "prince's plume",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "North America (western)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Se",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 3500,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 35,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Seleniferous soils",
      "habitat": "Desert and rangeland over selenium-rich rock",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 2008,
      "firstReportedBy": "Freeman et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "white-2016-selenium",
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "streptanthus-polygaloides",
      "binomial": "Streptanthus polygaloides",
      "genus": "Streptanthus",
      "species": "polygaloides",
      "authorship": "A.Gray",
      "commonName": "milkwort jewelflower",
      "synonyms": [],
      "family": "Brassicaceae",
      "growthForm": "Herb",
      "regions": [
        "USA (California)"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Ni",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 14800,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 14.8,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Californian serpentine",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1981,
      "firstReportedBy": "Reeves et al.",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "virotia-neurophylla",
      "binomial": "Virotia neurophylla",
      "genus": "Virotia",
      "species": "neurophylla",
      "authorship": "(Guillaumin) Virot",
      "commonName": "",
      "synonyms": [
        "Macadamia neurophylla"
      ],
      "family": "Proteaceae",
      "growthForm": "Tree",
      "regions": [
        "New Caledonia"
      ],
      "accumulates": [
        {
          "element": "Mn",
          "maxConcentration_ugg": 55200,
          "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW",
          "thresholdMultiple": 5.5,
          "uptake": "Obligate"
        }
      ],
      "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)",
      "habitat": "Ultramafic maquis and forest",
      "iucn": "NE",
      "firstReportedYear": 1997,
      "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré",
      "verification": "review-cited",
      "references": [
        "reeves-2018-db",
        "van-der-ent-2013"
      ]
    }
  ]
}