# hyperaccumulate

> A global, vendor-neutral, cited database of metal hyperaccumulator plants — organized element by element with traceable citations, plus news and analysis.

The dataset is released under CC BY 4.0 with attribution to the cited primary sources. Machine-readable exports: https://hyperaccumulate.com/data/species.json and https://hyperaccumulate.com/data/species.csv

## Metals

- [Nickel (Ni)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/nickel/): Primary group, threshold 1000 µg g⁻¹, 20 species recorded.
- [Zinc (Zn)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/zinc/): Primary group, threshold 3000 µg g⁻¹, 7 species recorded.
- [Cadmium (Cd)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/cadmium/): Primary group, threshold 100 µg g⁻¹, 7 species recorded.
- [Cobalt (Co)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/cobalt/): Primary group, threshold 300 µg g⁻¹, 4 species recorded.
- [Manganese (Mn)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/manganese/): Primary group, threshold 10000 µg g⁻¹, 6 species recorded.
- [Rare Earth Elements (REE)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/rare-earth-elements/): Primary group, threshold 1000 µg g⁻¹ ΣREE, 3 species recorded.
- [Copper (Cu)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/copper/): Tracked group, threshold 300 µg g⁻¹, 3 species recorded.
- [Arsenic (As)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/arsenic/): Tracked group, threshold 1000 µg g⁻¹, 2 species recorded.
- [Selenium (Se)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/selenium/): Tracked group, threshold 100 µg g⁻¹, 3 species recorded.
- [Thallium (Tl)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/thallium/): Tracked group, threshold 100 µg g⁻¹, 2 species recorded.
- [Lead (Pb)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/lead/): Tracked group, threshold 1000 µg g⁻¹, 1 species recorded.

## Species

- [Anisopappus davyi](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/anisopappus-davyi/): Asteraceae; Co 1500 µg g⁻¹, Cu 1200 µg g⁻¹; DR Congo, Zambia; verification: review-cited.
- [Arabidopsis halleri](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/arabidopsis-halleri/): Brassicaceae; Zn 22000 µg g⁻¹, Cd 800 µg g⁻¹; Central Europe, East Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Astragalus bisulcatus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/astragalus-bisulcatus/): Fabaceae; Se 14900 µg g⁻¹; North America (western); verification: review-cited.
- [Astragalus racemosus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/astragalus-racemosus/): Fabaceae; Se 14000 µg g⁻¹; North America (Great Plains); verification: review-cited.
- [Berkheya coddii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/berkheya-coddii/): Asteraceae; Ni 11600 µg g⁻¹; South Africa (Mpumalanga); verification: review-cited.
- [Biscutella laevigata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/biscutella-laevigata/): Brassicaceae; Tl 15200 µg g⁻¹; Europe (Alps and mineralised districts); verification: review-cited.
- [Bornmuellera emarginata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/leptoplax-emarginata/): Brassicaceae; Ni 34000 µg g⁻¹; Greece; verification: review-cited.
- [Bornmuellera tymphaea](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/bornmuellera-tymphaea/): Brassicaceae; Ni 31200 µg g⁻¹; Greece; verification: review-cited.
- [Chengiopanax sciadophylloides](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/chengiopanax-sciadophylloides/): Araliaceae; Mn 20000 µg g⁻¹; Japan; verification: review-cited.
- [Crotalaria cobalticola](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/crotalaria-cobalticola/): Fabaceae; Co 3000 µg g⁻¹; DR Congo (Katanga); verification: review-cited.
- [Dichapetalum gelonioides](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/dichapetalum-gelonioides/): Dichapetalaceae; Zn 30000 µg g⁻¹; Southeast Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Dicranopteris linearis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/dicranopteris-linearis/): Gleicheniaceae; REE 3358 µg g⁻¹; South China, Southeast Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Geissois pruinosa](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/geissois-pruinosa/): Cunoniaceae; Ni 15000 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: review-cited.
- [Gossia bidwillii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/gossia-bidwillii/): Myrtaceae; Mn 19200 µg g⁻¹; Australia (Queensland); verification: primary-measured.
- [Grevillea exul](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/grevillea-exul/): Proteaceae; Mn 12000 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: review-cited.
- [Haumaniastrum katangense](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/haumaniastrum-katangense/): Lamiaceae; Cu 8360 µg g⁻¹, Co 2200 µg g⁻¹; DR Congo, Zambia (Copperbelt); verification: review-cited.
- [Haumaniastrum robertii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/haumaniastrum-robertii/): Lamiaceae; Co 10200 µg g⁻¹, Cu 2800 µg g⁻¹; DR Congo, Zambia (Copperbelt); verification: review-cited.
- [Hybanthus floribundus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/hybanthus-floribundus/): Violaceae; Ni 13500 µg g⁻¹; Australia (Western Australia); verification: review-cited.
- [Iberis intermedia](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/iberis-intermedia/): Brassicaceae; Tl 4000 µg g⁻¹; Southern France; verification: review-cited.
- [Leucocroton flavicans](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/leucocroton-flavicans/): Euphorbiaceae; Ni 26000 µg g⁻¹; Cuba; verification: review-cited.
- [Noccaea caerulescens](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-caerulescens-ni/): Brassicaceae; Ni 12000 µg g⁻¹; Western & Central Europe; verification: review-cited.
- [Noccaea caerulescens](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-caerulescens-zn/): Brassicaceae; Zn 40000 µg g⁻¹, Cd 10000 µg g⁻¹; Western & Central Europe; verification: review-cited.
- [Noccaea goesingensis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-goesingensis/): Brassicaceae; Ni 12000 µg g⁻¹; Austria, Central Europe; verification: review-cited.
- [Noccaea praecox](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-praecox/): Brassicaceae; Zn 20000 µg g⁻¹, Cd 5800 µg g⁻¹; Southeastern Europe; verification: review-cited.
- [Noccaea rotundifolia](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-rotundifolia-pb/): Brassicaceae; Pb 8200 µg g⁻¹, Zn 8000 µg g⁻¹; European Alps; verification: hypothesized.
- [Odontarrhena chalcidica](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/odontarrhena-chalcidica/): Brassicaceae; Ni 22000 µg g⁻¹; Balkans, Anatolia; verification: review-cited.
- [Odontarrhena lesbiaca](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/alyssum-lesbiacum/): Brassicaceae; Ni 20000 µg g⁻¹; Greece (Lesbos), Anatolia; verification: review-cited.
- [Odontarrhena serpyllifolia](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/odontarrhena-serpyllifolia/): Brassicaceae; Ni 15000 µg g⁻¹; Iberian Peninsula, France; verification: review-cited.
- [Phyllanthus balgooyi](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phyllanthus-balgooyi/): Phyllanthaceae; Ni 16000 µg g⁻¹; Borneo (Sabah), Philippines (Palawan); verification: primary-measured.
- [Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phyllanthus-rufuschaneyi/): Phyllanthaceae; Ni 13000 µg g⁻¹; Borneo (Sabah); verification: review-cited.
- [Phytolacca acinosa](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phytolacca-acinosa-mn/): Phytolaccaceae; Mn 19300 µg g⁻¹; East Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Phytolacca americana](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phytolacca-americana-cd/): Phytolaccaceae; Cd 130 µg g⁻¹, Mn 13400 µg g⁻¹; North America, naturalised in East Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Phytolacca americana](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phytolacca-americana-ree/): Phytolaccaceae; REE 1040 µg g⁻¹; North America, naturalised in China; verification: hypothesized.
- [Pityrogramma calomelanos](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/pityrogramma-calomelanos/): Pteridaceae; As 8350 µg g⁻¹; Tropical America, pantropical (naturalised); verification: review-cited.
- [Pronephrium simplex](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/pronephrium-simplex/): Thelypteridaceae; REE 1500 µg g⁻¹; South China; verification: hypothesized.
- [Psychotria douarrei](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/psychotria-douarrei/): Rubiaceae; Ni 47500 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: review-cited.
- [Pteris vittata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/pteris-vittata/): Pteridaceae; As 22630 µg g⁻¹; Pantropical and subtropical; verification: primary-measured.
- [Pycnandra acuminata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/pycnandra-acuminata/): Sapotaceae; Ni 11700 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: primary-measured.
- [Rinorea bengalensis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/rinorea-bengalensis/): Violaceae; Ni 17500 µg g⁻¹; Southeast Asia, Melanesia; verification: review-cited.
- [Rinorea niccolifera](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/rinorea-niccolifera/): Violaceae; Ni 18000 µg g⁻¹; Philippines (Luzon); verification: review-cited.
- [Sedum alfredii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/sedum-alfredii/): Crassulaceae; Cd 900 µg g⁻¹, Zn 19600 µg g⁻¹; China (southeastern); verification: review-cited.
- [Sedum plumbizincicola](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/sedum-plumbizincicola/): Crassulaceae; Zn 19000 µg g⁻¹, Cd 3600 µg g⁻¹; China (eastern); verification: review-cited.
- [Senecio coronatus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/senecio-coronatus/): Asteraceae; Ni 5700 µg g⁻¹; South Africa; verification: review-cited.
- [Solanum nigrum](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/solanum-nigrum-cd/): Solanaceae; Cd 160 µg g⁻¹; Cosmopolitan (temperate & tropical); verification: review-cited.
- [Stackhousia tryonii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/stackhousia-tryonii/): Celastraceae; Ni 41300 µg g⁻¹; Australia (Queensland); verification: review-cited.
- [Stanleya pinnata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/stanleya-pinnata/): Brassicaceae; Se 3500 µg g⁻¹; North America (western); verification: review-cited.
- [Streptanthus polygaloides](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/streptanthus-polygaloides/): Brassicaceae; Ni 14800 µg g⁻¹; USA (California); verification: review-cited.
- [Virotia neurophylla](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/virotia-neurophylla/): Proteaceae; Mn 55200 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: review-cited.

## News & analysis

- [What nickel agromining actually recovers — and what still limits it](https://hyperaccumulate.com/analysis/agromining-comes-of-age/): Farming hyperaccumulators for metal is real, but its economics turn on a few specific plant traits — biomass, foliar grade, and where the nickel sits in the tissue.

## Reference pages
- [Methodology & verification](https://hyperaccumulate.com/methodology/)
- [Glossary](https://hyperaccumulate.com/glossary/)
- [Sources & bibliography](https://hyperaccumulate.com/sources/)