Sources & bibliography

Every threshold and concentration in the database traces to one of these references.

  1. van der Ent, A., Baker, A. J. M., Reeves, R. D., Pollard, A. J., & Schat, H. (2013). Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: facts and fiction. Plant and Soil, 362, 319–334. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1287-3
  2. Reeves, R. D., Baker, A. J. M., Jaffré, T., Erskine, P. D., Echevarria, G., & van der Ent, A. (2018). A global database for plants that hyperaccumulate metal and metalloid trace elements. New Phytologist, 218, 407–411. doi:10.1111/nph.14907
  3. Reeves, R. D., van der Ent, A., & Baker, A. J. M. (2018). Global distribution and ecology of hyperaccumulator plants. In: Agromining: Farming for Metals (van der Ent et al., eds.), Springer, 75–92. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61899-9_5
  4. Krämer, U. (2010). Metal hyperaccumulation in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61, 517–534. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112156
  5. Verbruggen, N., Hermans, C., & Schat, H. (2009). Molecular mechanisms of metal hyperaccumulation in plants. New Phytologist, 181, 759–776. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02748.x
  6. Rascio, N., & Navari-Izzo, F. (2011). Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting?. Plant Science, 180, 169–181. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.016
  7. Pollard, A. J., Reeves, R. D., & Baker, A. J. M. (2014). Facultative hyperaccumulation of heavy metals and metalloids. Plant Science, 217–218, 8–17. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.11.011
  8. Ma, L. Q., Komar, K. M., Tu, C., Zhang, W., Cai, Y., & Kennelley, E. D. (2001). A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic. Nature, 409, 579. doi:10.1038/35054664
  9. Jaffré, T., Brooks, R. R., Lee, J., & Reeves, R. D. (1976). Sebertia acuminata: a hyperaccumulator of nickel from New Caledonia. Science, 193, 579–580. doi:10.1126/science.193.4253.579
  10. van der Ent, A., Callahan, D. L., Noller, B. N., Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, J., Przybyłowicz, W. J., Barnabas, A., & Harris, H. H. (2017). Nickel biopathways in tropical nickel hyperaccumulating trees from Sabah (Malaysia). Scientific Reports, 7, 41861. doi:10.1038/srep41861
  11. Chaney, R. L., Angle, J. S., Broadhurst, C. L., Peters, C. A., Tappero, R. V., & Sparks, D. L. (2007). Improved understanding of hyperaccumulation yields commercial phytoextraction and phytomining technologies. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36, 1429–1443. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0514
  12. Fernando, D. R., Guymer, G., Reeves, R. D., Woodrow, I. E., Baker, A. J. M., & Batianoff, G. N. (2009). Foliar Mn accumulation in eastern Australian herbarium specimens: prospecting for 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators and potential applications in taxonomy. Annals of Botany, 103, 931–939. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp013
  13. Reeves, R. D., Baker, A. J. M., Borhidi, A., & Berazaín, R. (1996). Nickel-accumulating plants from the ancient serpentine soils of Cuba. New Phytologist, 133, 217–224. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01888.x
  14. Wang, H. B., Ye, Z. H., Shu, W. S., Li, W. C., Wong, M. H., & Lan, C. Y. (2006). Arsenic uptake and accumulation in Pteris multifida and Pteris oshimensis from contaminated sites. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 8, 1–11. doi:10.1080/16226510500214517
  15. Bani, A., Pavlova, D., Echevarria, G., Mullaj, A., Reeves, R. D., Morel, J. L., & Sulçe, S. (2010). Nickel hyperaccumulation by the species of Alyssum and Thlaspi (Brassicaceae) from the ultramafic soils of the Balkans. Botanica Serbica, 34, 3–14.
  16. Tumi, A. F., Mihailović, N., Gajić, B. A., Niketić, M., & Tomović, G. (2012). Comparative Study of Hyperaccumulation of Nickel by Alyssum murale s.l. Populations from the Ultramafics of Serbia. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 21, 1855–1866.
  17. Liu, W., Shu, W. S., & Lan, C. Y. (2004). Viola baoshanensis, a plant that hyperaccumulates cadmium. Chinese Science Bulletin, 49, 29–32. doi:10.1007/BF02901739
  18. Fernández-Martínez, R., Rucandio, I., Gómez-Pinilla, I., Borlaf, F., García, F., & Larrea, M. T. (2017). Evaluation of different digestion systems for determination of trace mercury and thallium in plants. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 172, 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.10.005
  19. Reeves, R. D., & Baker, A. J. M. (2000). Metal-accumulating plants. In: Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment (Raskin & Ensley, eds.), Wiley, 193–229.
  20. White, P. J. (2016). Selenium accumulation by plants. Annals of Botany, 117, 217–235. doi:10.1093/aob/mcv180
  21. Galey, M. L., van der Ent, A., Iqbal, M. C. M., & Rajakaruna, N. (2017). Ultramafic geoecology of South and Southeast Asia. Botanical Studies, 58, 18. doi:10.1186/s40529-017-0167-9
  22. Nkrumah, P. N., Echevarria, G., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2018). Contrasting nickel and zinc hyperaccumulation in subspecies of Dichapetalum gelonioides from Southeast Asia. Scientific Reports, 8, 9659. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26859-7
  23. Ghafoori, M., Shariati, M., van der Ent, A., & Baker, A. J. M. (2023). Nickel hyperaccumulation, elemental profiles and agromining potential of three species of Odontarrhena from the ultramafics of Western Iran. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 25, 381–392. doi:10.1080/15226514.2022.2086213
  24. Zhang, W., Jiang, P., You, S., Li, W., Lu, J., Chen, M., & Jiang, W. (2026). Mechanisms underlying the accumulation and detoxification of manganese in Celosia argentea Linn. leaves. BMC Plant Biology, 26, 852. doi:10.1186/s12870-026-08664-x
  25. Abubakari, F., Nkrumah, P. N., Fernando, D. R., Erskine, P. D., et al. (2024). Manganese accumulation and foliar distribution in the Australian hyperaccumulators Gossia bidwillii and Gossia acmenoides (preprint). Authorea (preprint, not peer-reviewed). doi:10.22541/au.170664677.77944926/v1
  26. Abubakari, F., Nkrumah, P. N., Fernando, D. R., Brown, G. K., Erskine, P. D., Echevarria, G., & van der Ent, A. (2021). Incidence of hyperaccumulation and tissue-level distribution of manganese, cobalt and zinc in the genus Gossia (Myrtaceae). Metallomics, 13, mfab008. doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfab008
  27. Harvey, M., Erskine, P. D., Harris, H. H., Pinto-Irish, K., Howard, D. L., Fabillo, M., & van der Ent, A. (2025). Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy unveils selenium distribution and a phloem-sink hypothesis in Neptunia amplexicaulis. Plant Physiology, 199, kiaf367. doi:10.1093/plphys/kiaf367
  28. Regini, G., Bettarini, I., Colzi, I., Corti, E., Papini, A., Dainelli, M., Guardigli, G., van der Ent, A., Bazihizina, N., & Gonnelli, C. (2025). Physiological effect of thallium in the facultative hyperaccumulator Silene latifolia. Physiologia Plantarum, 177, e70469. doi:10.1111/ppl.70469
  29. Jakovljević, K., Mišljenović, T., Bačeva Andonovska, K., Echevarria, G., Baker, A. J. M., Brueckner, D., & van der Ent, A. (2023). Thallium hyperaccumulation status of the violets of the Allchar arsenic–thallium deposit (North Macedonia) confirmed through synchrotron µXRF. Metallomics, 15, mfad063. doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfad063
  30. Jakovljević, K., Salinitro, M., Bačeva Andonovska, K., Mišljenović, T., Brueckner, D., & van der Ent, A. (2025). Surviving Allchar: arsenic and thallium tolerance and distribution in Viola metallophytes. Annals of Botany, 136, 1515–1524. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaf166
  31. Goudard, L., Blaudez, D., Sirguey, C., Purwadi, I., Invernon, V., Rouhan, G., & van der Ent, A. (2024). Prospecting for rare earth element (hyper)accumulators in the Paris Herbarium using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy reveals new distributional and taxon discoveries. Annals of Botany, 133, 573–584. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae011
  32. Corzo-Remigio, A., Purwadi, I., Fox, N., Bostock, P. D., Martel, C., van der Ent, A., & Erskine, P. D. (2025). Discovery of new Australasian rare earth element hyperaccumulator ferns from screening herbarium specimens. Plant and Soil (version of record; open-access preprint at Research Square doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7669902/v1), 518, 1979–1996. doi:10.1007/s11104-025-08111-0
  33. van der Ent, A., Malaisse, F., Erskine, P. D., Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, J., Przybyłowicz, W. J., Barnabas, A. D., Sośnicka, M., & Harris, H. H. (2019). Abnormal concentrations of Cu–Co in Haumaniastrum katangense, Haumaniastrum robertii and Aeolanthus biformifolius: contamination or hyperaccumulation?. Metallomics, 11, 586–596. doi:10.1039/c8mt00300a
  34. Greyling, S., & Pillay, L. (2025). Chemical analysis in Berkheya zeyheri: a South African nickel hyperaccumulator. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 27, 2031–2039. doi:10.1080/15226514.2025.2532748
  35. Jaffré, T., Pillon, Y., Thomine, S., & Merlot, S. (2013). The metal hyperaccumulators from New Caledonia can broaden our understanding of nickel accumulation in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 279. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00279
  36. Corzo-Remigio, A., Harris, H. H., Jones, M. W. M., Wang, T., Brueckner, D., Spiers, K. M., Garrevoet, J., & van der Ent, A. (2026). The nature of thallium crystals in Brassica oleracea (kale): a synchrotron multi-technique investigation. Metallomics, 18, mfag010. doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfag010
  37. Villafort Carvalho, M. T., Amaral, D. C., Guilherme, L. R. G., & Aarts, M. G. M. (2013). Gomphrena claussenii, the first South-American metallophyte species with indicator-like Zn and Cd accumulation and extreme metal tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 180. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00180
  38. Villafort Carvalho, M. T., Pongrac, P., Mumm, R., van Arkel, J., van Aelst, A., Jeromel, L., Vavpetič, P., Pelicon, P., et al. (2015). Gomphrena claussenii, a novel metal-hypertolerant bioindicator species, sequesters cadmium, but not zinc, in vacuolar oxalate crystals. New Phytologist, 208, 763–775. doi:10.1111/nph.13500
  39. Yuan, L., Zhu, Y., Lin, Z.-Q., Bañuelos, G., Li, W., & Yin, X. (2013). A novel selenocystine-accumulating plant in selenium-mine drainage area in Enshi, China. PLoS ONE, 8, e65615. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065615
  40. Oleńska, E., Małek, W., Wójcik, M., Szopa, S., Święcicka, I., Aleksandrowicz, O., Włostowski, T., Zawadzka, W., et al. (2023). Bacteria associated with Zn-hyperaccumulators Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa from Zn–Pb–Cd waste heaps. Scientific Reports, 13, 12606. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39852-6
  41. Gieroń, Ż., Sitko, K., Zieleźnik-Rusinowska, P., Szopiński, M., Rojek-Jelonek, M., Rostański, A., Rudnicka, M., & Małkowski, E. (2021). The different faces of Arabidopsis arenosa — a plant species for a special purpose. Plants, 10, 1342. doi:10.3390/plants10071342
  42. Norouzi, R., Baghizadeh, A., Abbaspour, H., Nematpour, F. S., & Safipour Afshar, A. (2026). Associations between cadmium uptake and leaf–root expression of candidate YSL/HMA transporters in Solanum nigrum. Scientific Reports, 16, 10062. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-41163-5
  43. Morgenstern, T., Baumgärtel, C., Lautenschläger, T., Götzke, L., Neinhuis, C., & Weigand, J. J. (2026). Screening for potential metal hyperaccumulator plants in Angola: a herbarium-based approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 198, 899. doi:10.1007/s10661-026-15744-w
  44. Nkrumah, P. N., Echevarria, G., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2018). Nickel hyperaccumulation in Antidesma montis-silam: from herbarium discovery to collection in the native habitat. Ecological Research, 33, 675-685. doi:10.1007/s11284-017-1542-4
  45. Harvey, M.-A., Pinto Irish, K., Harris, H. H., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2024). The curious case of selenium hyperaccumulation in Coelospermum decipiens from the Cape York Peninsula (Queensland, Australia). Annals of Botany, 134, 769-786. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae103
  46. Sura-de Jong, M., Reynolds, R. J. B., Richterova, K., Musilova, L., Staicu, L. C., Chocholata, I., Cappa, J. J., Taghavi, S., van der Lelie, D., Frantik, T., Dolinova, I., Strejcek, M., Cochran, A. T., Lovecka, P., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. (2015). Selenium hyperaccumulators harbor a diverse endophytic bacterial community characterized by high selenium resistance and plant growth promoting properties. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 113. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00113
  47. van der Ent, A., Salinitro, M., Brueckner, D., Spiers, K. M., Montanari, S., Tassoni, A., & Schiavon, M. (2023). Differences and similarities in selenium biopathways in Astragalus, Neptunia (Fabaceae) and Stanleya (Brassicaceae) hyperaccumulators. Annals of Botany, 132, 349-361. doi:10.1093/aob/mcad110
  48. Fernando, E. S., Quimado, M. O., & Doronila, A. I. (2014). Rinorea niccolifera (Violaceae), a new, nickel-hyperaccumulating species from Luzon Island, Philippines. PhytoKeys, 37, 1-13. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.37.7136
  49. Bouman, R., van Welzen, P., Sumail, S., Echevarria, G., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2018). Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi: a new nickel hyperaccumulator from Sabah (Borneo Island) with potential for tropical agromining. Botanical Studies, 59, 9. doi:10.1186/s40529-018-0225-y
  50. Jakovljević, K., Bačeva Andonovska, K., Salinitro, M., Mišljenović, T., & van der Ent, A. (2025). Biogeochemical survey of the Allchar (North Macedonia) arsenic-thallium ore body: a focus on hyperaccumulator plants. Plant and Soil, 513, 1317-1331. doi:10.1007/s11104-025-07252-6
  51. Liu, W.-S., Laird, J. S., Ryan, C. G., Tang, Y.-T., Qiu, R.-L., Echevarria, G., Morel, J.-L., & van der Ent, A. (2021). Rare earth elements, aluminium and silicon distribution in the fern Dicranopteris linearis revealed by µPIXE Maia analysis. Annals of Botany, 128, 17-30. doi:10.1093/aob/mcab026
  52. Bettarini, I., Bianchi, E., Colzi, I., Coppi, A., Echevarria, G., Gonnelli, C., & Selvi, F. (2024). A new species of Odontarrhena (Brassicaceae) endemic to Greek ultramafics: From taxonomy to metal accumulation behavior. Ecological Research, 39, 12491. doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12491
  53. Disinger, H. P., Navarrete Gutiérrez, D. M., Díaz Reyes, A. M., Rodas Duarte, R., Quezada, M. L., van der Ent, A., Baker, A. J. M., Echevarria, G., & Pollard, A. J. M. (2024). Herbarium and field studies of nickel hyperaccumulator plants from ultramafic soils in Guatemala. Ecological Research, 39, 838–851. doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12495
  54. LaCoste, C., Robinson, B., Brooks, R., Anderson, C., Chiarucci, A., & Leblanc, M. (1999). The phytoremediation potential of thallium-contaminated soils using Iberis and Biscutella species. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 1, 327-338. doi:10.1080/15226519908500023
  55. Anderson, C. W. N., Brooks, R. R., Chiarucci, A., LaCoste, C. J., Leblanc, M., Robinson, B. H., Simcock, R., & Stewart, R. B. (1999). Phytomining for nickel, thallium and gold. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 67, 407-415. doi:10.1016/S0375-6742(99)00055-2
  56. Francesconi, K., Visoothiviseth, P., Sridokchan, W., & Goessler, W. (2002). Arsenic species in an arsenic hyperaccumulating fern, Pityrogramma calomelanos: a potential phytoremediator of arsenic-contaminated soils. Science of the Total Environment, 284, 27-35. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00854-3
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  58. Sahi, S. V., Bryant, N. L., Sharma, N. C., & Singh, S. R. (2002). Characterization of a lead hyperaccumulator shrub, Sesbania drummondii. Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 4676-4680. doi:10.1021/es020675x
  59. Bech, J., Roca, N., Tume, P., Torrents, J., & Duran, P. (2012). Shoot accumulation of several trace elements in native plant species from contaminated soils in the Peruvian Andes. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 113, 106-111. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.04.007
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  61. Jakovljević, K., Mišljenović, T., van der Ent, A., Baker, A. J. M., Invernón, V. R., & Echevarría, G. (2024). "Mining" the herbarium for hyperaccumulators: Discoveries of nickel and zinc (hyper)accumulation in the genus Noccaea (Brassicaceae) through X-ray fluorescence herbarium scanning. Ecological Research, 39, 450–459. doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12448
  62. Siebert, S. J., Schutte, N. C., Bester, S. P., Komape, D. M., & Rajakaruna, N. (2018). Senecio conrathii N.E.Br. (Asteraceae), a new hyperaccumulator of nickel from serpentinite outcrops of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ecological Research, 33, 651–658. doi:10.1007/s11284-017-1541-5
  63. Tang, R. H., Nkrumah, P. N., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2022). Polymetallic (zinc and cadmium) hyperaccumulation in the Australian legume Crotalaria novae-hollandiae compared to Crotalaria cunninghamii. Plant and Soil, 479, 589–606. doi:10.1007/s11104-022-05547-6
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  66. Galeas, M. L., Zhang, L. H., Freeman, J. L., Wegner, M., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. (2007). Seasonal fluctuations of selenium and sulfur accumulation in selenium hyper-accumulators and related non-accumulators. New Phytologist, 173, 517–525. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01943.x
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